Journalist vs. Writer Which Profession Is Better

Very often journalistic and writing careers are tightly intertwined – after all, both employ roughly the same set of skills and competencies. Still, the differences are striking, and the ways in which these competencies are employed vary considerably. Which doesn’t, of course, mean that a person cannot be a first-rate writer and an excellent journalist at the same time. Actually, which of these two professions is better is just an inaccurate question as these are simply two different professions. For some people one of them offers exactly the opportunities they need, but for others they would be completely undesirable. What’s the Difference between Writers and Journalists The difference is at the same time subtle and glaring, it all depends on the angle you look at it. On the one hand, both vocations demand from their practitioners absolute command of language and ability to express their thoughts and ideas on a much higher level than one expects from an average man. On the other hand, they deal with different problems and tackle them in different ways. While a writer generally works on large-scale projects which take a long time to complete (no matter whether he is a fiction or non-fiction writer) and is less concerned with current events, a journalist thrives on them. The job of a journalist is to keep pace with everyday events; he is supposed to be in touch with the ever-changing situation in the field he generally deals with, understand the way things work right now. Generally the journalist’s activity means constant focus on several small projects, and it has a far tighter schedule. For example, a writer works on a book; although he probably has to do it on everyday basis and gradually studies a large amount of sources, his timetable is more flexible within these boundaries. He is supposed to complete it by a certain date and as long as he does it he is alright. A journalist, on the contrary, works constantly, delivering the results in small installments, be it a column in a newspaper, articles in a journal or something else. There are larger projects as well, but they are less prominent. Writing and Journalism: Interconnections Nevertheless, the boundaries between journalists and writers are a bit blurry. However, it is more common for journalists to try themselves out as writers, not the other way around. We hear about journalists publishing a book after years in their line of work all the time, but already established writers rarely go in for writing articles. It, however, doesn’t mean that the position of a writer is a higher one – it probably deals more with the characteristic features of these two vocations. It is not all that hard for a well-known journalist to find somebody willing to publish his book – and after the book is published nobody can force him to continue if the experience turns out to be unpleasant. But for a writer becoming a journalist as well means a long-time commitment – and it is hard thing to do for some people.

The Social Construction Of Reality - 1128 Words

Ian Cumagun Jr. Professor Fox Sociology I August 6, 2015 Social Construction of Reality Reality does not exist externally, but they do internally, as it is because each individual or group could interpret it differently and it is always changing. Reality is not really an objective that are being imposed on us but we actually create it. Conley defined social construction as â€Å"an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed-upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity† (Conley 32). An example of it social status. In class we talked about social status being â€Å"the recognizable social position you occupy whether it is by race, class, occupation, age, religion, etc.† (Fox 07/07/15). Social Construction affect everyone’s life and decisions and it also plays a very important role on gender and stereotyping men and women as opposites. Individuals in all society may def ine masculinity and femininity as what they were taught when they’re growing up but of course we have different notions and opinions about it by how we were perceiving it based on our surroundings. When we think of for example a doctor, lawyer, priest, engineer, or even a manager we usually picture of them being male; in contrary when we think of nurses, teachers, and housewives then we picture them as being usually in female characters. When a person thinks aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Social Construction Of Reality982 Words   |  4 PagesBerger’s and Thomas Luckmann’s novel, â€Å"The Social Construction of Reality†, explains the theory of how we, as humans, present ourselves to other people mainly from our interactions with others and our personal life experiences. The novel explains how the way we were raised or brought up and what we were raised to believe, affects how we present ourselves, how we view others, and how others view us. 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The first uses physical anthropology to examine the landscape, the second uses anthropological ta boo to examine howRead MoreCybernetic and Social Construction Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesand Social Construction LeeAnne Valentine Coum5220 June 14, 2015 Dr. Everson Cybernetics and Social Construction In Marriage and Family Therapy field, cybernetics and social construction play an important aspect in how a therapist works with his or her clients. However, there are some aspects of cybernetics that may not be important in today’s society because of the evolution in humankind from the early 1920’s to today. In this time and age, cybernetics continues to be in tandem with social construction

Unfortunate effects on rural public education in Ecuador Free Essays

string(100) " there is a high rate of absenteeism among instructors \( 16 per centum \) † \( FSD 2003 \) \." Educator George Washington Carver one time stated, â€Å" Education is the key to unlock the aureate door of freedom † ( State University 2002 ) . Such key will ne’er be held by the manus of Ecuadorians as the state of Ecuador battles to supply a satisfactory instruction system to kids in rural countries. The hapless instruction system is a cardinal subscriber to Ecuador ‘s province as a underdeveloped state. We will write a custom essay sample on Unfortunate effects on rural public education in Ecuador or any similar topic only for you Order Now This restricting factor has created a barbarous rhythm of kid labourers and inequality among kids in rural and urban communities ( Salazar and Glashinovich 1996 ) . This paper will supply an in depth analysis of the instruction systems in Ecuador and the reform required to supply kids with a better hereafter. Ecuador ‘s substandard instruction system is a effect of the deficiency of authorities support towards substructure and handiness. With the deficiency of money towards instruction, jobs such as inconsistent instruction, hapless attending, and inequalities between rural and urban scho 1ols arise. Attempted advancement has been made by reformers such as President Rafael Correa who works with authorities support to better school systems ( Bellettini 2004 ) . It is people like President Rafael Correa who are undoubtably the greatest beginning of hope to the instruction system of Ecuador. Last April, I travelled to Ecuador with Canada World Youth. The intent of the trip was to organize a partnership between the Canadian and Ecuadorian pupils. The trip provided me with a cross-cultural experience as I learnt the necessity of foreign for rural instruction. Our group of 14 pupils raised $ 10,000 which was used to patronize the instruction of 4 pupils in Ecuador including their high school fees. The neglecting instruction system instated in rural Ecuadorian communities is faced with legion issues affecting, inconsistent instruction, and hapless attending. These issues are presented due to the deficiency of authorities support and support for instruction. The jobs presently present in Ecuador make it hard for Ecuadorians to go comfortable and contribute to society. Political instability within the state ‘s ain boundary lines have invited violent protests refering the old three democratically elected presidents ( Lopez and Valdes 2000 ) . Political issues every bit good as the economic crisis have proved to foster the potency of reconstructing proper and effectual instruction patterns in rural Ecuador. Many societal establishments demand governmental support, but it is the instruction system in Ecuador that is the most despairing. Research workers have highlighted that the instruction system has easy been bettering since the 1990 ‘s ( Vos and Ponce 2004 ) . Although, in comparing to old decennaries, the educational development has decreased in effectivity while educational inequalities has drastically grown between the urban and rural communities. The Ecuadorian authorities has set aside deficient financess for their societal plans as they entirely contribute four per centum of the states Gross Domestic Product, compared to the mean 12 per centum that the general Latin American state invested ( Ibid 2004 ) . Not merely has the Ecuadorian authorities neglected financess for the necessary societal plans but they have besides transferred their focal point to societal protection plans. This transportation of precedences has cut the support for instruction plans by 50 per centum ( Cibilis, Giugale and Lopez-Calix 2003 ) . The budget cut has affected all school systems across Ecuador, particularly the Ru 2ral communities. The limited support has caused a lessening in school substructure, teacher salary, and teacher preparation plans. The school systems are enduring and necessitate more investing and greater reform schemes. The authorities must increase their investing to at least five per centum of the state ‘s Gross Domestic Product in Oder to be successful ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . In 2007, President Correa was elected to office in Ecuador. He created a platform that believed in instruction excellence and instruction reform ( Economist 2009 ) . Since 2007, Correa has spent about $ 280 million on school substructure and care ( Ibid 2009 ) . In add-on the President has introduced logic trials which instructors must go through in order to educate the young person. These logic trials are designed to increase a instructor ‘s credibleness and ability to teach immature pupils ( Ibid 2009 ) . Those who do non go through the logic trials are required to take a twelvemonth long preparation class which will assist to develop their instruction schemes and cognition. The logic trials benefit the school systems as instructors become more prepared and have more effectual instruction methods. These trials will be a compulsory step for all instructors, and will shortly increase the quality of Ecuador ‘s public instruction system. The deficiency of authorities investing towards societal plans, specifically instruction systems has greatly inf 3luenced handiness, learning methods, and school substructure. The rural communities are far more underprivileged so the urban public schools in Ecuador. In rural parts and in most parts of Latin America, instructors are likely to be under qualified and uneffective at teaching. Similarly to Ecuador, 40 to fifty of Latin American instructors have no professional preparation or makings ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The deficiency of preparation and makings is a consequence of hapless support and investing by the authorities. Training plans and workshops are non available to all instructors particularly those in the rural communities. In Latin America, people who graduate with higher degrees of instructions tend to travel to the urbanised metropoliss and obtain comfortable occupations ( Schiefelbein 1995 ) . Sadly, those who have hapless degrees of instruction, become instructors. Teacher ‘s with no preparation and limited cognition dictate the quality of a school. Furthermore, the lear ning population in Ecuador earn low wages as the authorities does non believe that instructors merit higher wages ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . A typical public school teacher in rural Ecuador by and large earns $ 350 per month ( Torres 2005 ) . Teachers make an insufficient wage because there is limited support. Without support and low wages, most teachers at the public school degree have two or more occupations to pay for their fundss. Multiple occupations on the spell, means that instructors sometimes neglect to demo up to teach. The Foundation for Sustainable Development claims that there is a high rate of absenteeism among instructors ( 16 per centum ) † ( FSD 2003 ) . You read "Unfortunate effects on rural public education in Ecuador" in category "Essay examples" With instructors absent from categories 16 per centum of the clip during the scholastic twelvemonth, pupils are losing important acquisition chances. Most of the instructors absent for that clip would be working at ot her occupations seeking to derive a greater income. The quality of learning in rural Ecuador and in the public system is really low as the instructors are under qualified and largely disinterested in instruction. Although some instructors are effectual, the huge bulk of those effectual instructors are accepted to learn at private schools. Private schools in Ecuador have the money unlike public schools to afford exemplarily instructors. Unfortunately for the public system, qualified instructors escape to the private schools wh 4ere their wages are frequently five to ten times higher so the populace system ( Schiefelbein 1995 ) † The typical school is unable to engage extremely skilled instructors and will happen it hard to implement inventions to better its educational quality † ( Schiefelbein 1992: 36 ) . The methods of direction are unequal in states like Ecuador. Unfortunately due to budget restraints, instructors do non hold entree to a course of study to assist better their lesson programs. Without a common course of study to be followed by all public schools, the acquisition becomes inconsistent and unequal between different schools and parts ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . Simple accomplishments that involve reading, composing, comprehension are hard to accomplish in rural Ecuador ( Ibid 1992 ) . Teacher ‘s do non posses the necessary certificates and stuffs to learn these kids, as the authorities neglects them of the necessary resources. With limited support invested in instruction, many effects arise with improper learning methods between schools in rural Ecuador. The greatest effect of hapless instruction is the rate of pupil repeat. In Latin America, merely 19 per centum of nine twelvemonth olds attend schools, but about 50 per centum of the first class pupils repeat as they are unable to carry through the instructor ‘s demands ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The state of Ecuador would drastically profit if more money was invested into increasing the quality of learning as it would diminish the rate of pupil repeat. Repeating a class is non merely reeling the pupil ‘s ability to larn and affect themselves in the work force but it besides posses monolithic affects on the educational system financially. In rural Ecuador, repeat is two times higher so the states average ( Ibid 1992 ) . If the Ecuadorian g 5overnment were to put more money in to developing an accessible course of study for all instructors, repeat rates would diminish. The Ecuadorian public school system posses many jobs for people in rural communities. The incompatibility in learning methods are followed by widespread hooky as parents would instead direct their kid to work every bit opposed to inscribing them in a rural school. Limited entree to schools and excess pupil costs for those in rural Ecuador are some of the major factors that affect registration rates and attending. There are huge differences and unfairnesss that are noticeable when comparing urban and rural instruction systems. Although public instruction is free for kids ages five to fifteen old ages old, enrollment rates suffer drastically in rural communities. In urban developed countries, kids have an norm of 12 old ages of schooling while kids from rural Ecuador merely have an norm of four old ages ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . Of those kids who had four old ages of schooling, merely 19 per centum of the entire rural population is enrolled in school compared to eighty per centum of th e entire urban population ( Ibid 2003 ) . Education unfairnesss are besides impacting those kids who wish to go to higher instruction degrees as merely two per centum of the poorest quantile attend higher instruction ( Ibid 2003 ) . The Ecuadorian authorities must larn how to scatter their support every bit among communities so that instruction patterns and handiness is the same for every kid. One of the most common grounds for the deficiency of registration, is due to school handiness. Although the Correo authorities is get downing to put more in school substructure and care there are still minimum public schools available for kids in rural countries ( Economist 2009 ) . â€Å" Merely 42 % of kids among those in the poorest quantile have entree to preschool instruction † ( Cibilis et al. 2003: 271 ) . There is perceptibly more chance for preschool instruction in urban communities as they are given a higher precedence over rural public instruction. Coincidentally there are more kids in rural Ecuador who need public instruction than urban countries. The unequal funding and hapless handiness to public schools for those populating in rural Ecuador posse major determinations on parents. They frequently have to make up one’s mind whether or non to inscribe their kids due to fiscal restrictions. Although Ecuador promises to function the populace with free instruction there are still excess costs that are non covered by the authorities. With restricted financess, households have trouble paying for uniforms, school supplies, and transit ( Vos and Ponce 2004 ) . The indirect costs linked to the deficiency of authorities investing are a considerable decrease in household income because the kid is no longer working ( Ibid 2004 ) . Many households in rural Ecuador are faced with the hard determination on whether to direct their 6 kid to school or hold them work. With more authorities support towards public instruction, parents would non hold to pay excess costs for school. Therefore, parents would be more inclined to inscribe their kids to go educated. Although it is apparent that the rural instruction system in Ecuador is despairing for money and seems slightly incapacitated, there are reform patterns taking topographic point that are proven to be effectual. Presently in Mexico, instruction reform is taking topographic point that could be implemented in to Ecuador ‘s instruction system. Education reform known as â€Å" Telesecondary † would be movable and an effectual agencies of reform in rural Ecuador. Telesecondary is a learning scheme that delivers greater instruction through new engineerings. It consists of utilizing computing machines, cyberspace and mass media ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . The pupils larning from this advanced instruction method distance themselves from the teacher. The chief intent of Thursday 6 7is reform is to give all kids the ability to larn at their ain gait with a structured and dependable beginning of information ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . Another recommendation and applicable instruction reform scheme would be following the theoretical account of the â€Å" Escuela Nueva † . The Escuela Nueva undertaking is presently being practiced in Mexico. Escuela Nueva is community based which focuses chiefly on active engagement, and concerted acquisition ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The undertaking helps kids larn critical life accomplishments by using their cognition learnt in category to the outside community. This theoretical account of instruction responds straight to the instruction challenges that are presently present in Ecuador. It helps to extinguish hapless educational substructure, repeat rates, and under qualified instructors. The Escuela Nueva plans help schools to accomplish a standardised course of study, better instructor preparation and greater community enga gement. Once portion of the Northern Inca Empire, Ecuador has suffered a riotous yesteryear. Such is exemplified as the state has faced hapless administration and instability of fundamental laws as they have merely late imposed their twentieth fundamental law since 1830 ( State University 2002 ) . However, the greatest job to confront the state is that of instruction. The hapless instruction system is a cardinal subscriber to Ecuador ‘s province as a underdeveloped state. Ecuador ‘s substandard instruction system is a effect of inconsistent instruction, hapless attending, and the nonobservance of minority groups. Progress has been attempted by reformer President Correa who has concentrated 1000000s of dollars on breaking instruction in Ecuador. Undeniably, it is he w 8ho serves as the greatest beginning of hope to the instruction system of Ecuador. Although the President and his authorities have made much advancement during his two-term reign, there are many stairss to be taken to make declaration, including the riddance of child labour. Subsequently such extended instruction jobs are followed by the changeless conflict with child labour in add-on to hapless economic patterns. It is educational reform which will take to the development of Ecuador as its citizens become literate and receive extra chances, such as occupations, thereby decreasing poorness ( Bellettini 2004 ) . Education may be the job, but it is besides the solution to increase Ecuador ‘s patterned advance to go a developed state. How to cite Unfortunate effects on rural public education in Ecuador, Essay examples

Social Networks and E Commerce Marketing Tools

Question: Discuss about the Social Networks and E Commerce Marketing Tools. Answer: Introduction: The company should aim to provide the customers with full services concerning the wheel alignments of their vehicles. It is essential to make sure that the wheel alignment is fine so that the drivers ensure safe driving options. The objective of this strategy is to provide value added services to the customers in order to stay ahead of the competition. This strategy should be used by the company to reach to the customers. There can be issues with the wheel alignment process which may lead to vibration in the steering wheel, pulling of the car on one side of the road and others (Yang et al. 2015). Hence, the company has decided to maintenance facilities for the car owners. The company provides full service for the wheel alignment services. The company not only provides tyre fitting services but also provides wheel alignment services. It performs a detailed wheel alignment check by inspecting the vehicle suspension as well as the steering systems (Yang et al. 2015). It checks the condi tion of the wheel as well as the tyre pressure (Yang et al. 2015). The laser sensors are used to determine the current settings and necessaryactions are taken. These extra services help the company to be gain competitive advantage in the market. The company engages in the four-wheel alignment services (Yang et al. 2015). This service should be implemented by incorporating this element into the marketing strategy (Yang et al. 2015). There should be extensive promotion of the wheel alignment services of the company so that the customers are aware of the unique services. The market survey shows that this is an innovative service that is not provided by all the companies. The cost of average wheel alignment will be $ 76. There would be an additional cost of $185 for the cost of extended warranty. The four wheel alignment cost is little higher as compared to two wheels. The company must target various demographic segments for the purpose of promotion of its products (Mahmoodi-Kaleibafe2013). Different promotional strategies must be used for targeting the market segments. The company must use different features of their products to target different market segments. The company must determine the price sensitivity of the market that will determine the purchasing behavior of the consumers (Mahmoodi-Kaleibafe2013). The company must build a good reputation in the market so that it can attract the potential market segment (Kotler et al. 2015). The customers look for dealers who possess excellent reputation in the market for their high quality services (Mahmoodi-Kaleibafe2013). The consumers like to gather information from all the dealers before purchases. The customer of the modern day prefers to shop online for their needs (Kotler et al. 2015). The company mustpay attention to the needs of the consumers by giving them the opportunity of online retailing (Sharma and Lambert 2013). It must be aware of the fact that the online retailing is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. The organization must fulfil the demands of the customers (Kotler et al. 2015). The modern day customers are looking for service dealers that are time saving and involves less costs (Sharma and Lambert 2013). They want to repair their car tyres at their own convenient time and at an affordable cost. The company must capture this requirement of the clients (Sharma and Lambert 2013). They must tap the customers who display heavy dependence on their vehicles for fulfilling their transportation needs (Sharma and Lambert 2013). There are clients that prefer to select mobile tyre services over conventional tyre stores. The prices of the mobile tyre services should be made affordable so that the target market can avail it easily (Kotler et al. 2015). The company must offer lucrative discounts for the specific market segments (Kotler et al. 2015). It is al so a good option to have a smartphone friendly application that would provide instant guidance to the customers regarding their car tyres. There should be online tyre services which would make it convenient for the client to avail it (Kotler et al. 2015). The company should pay attention to extended hours as well as the radius from the base locations (Christensen and Raynor 2013). It would cover a radius of 2 km under normal service agreements. It would include the service repairing for customers who are located within 2 km from the base location (Kotler et al. 2015). However, the company should strive to provide extra services by extending their service radius. It provides services to customers who are located within 5 km from the base location at a nominal fee (Kaliske Serafinska and Zopf 2013). There must be a service offering at upper band of radius 10 km at a reasonable fee (Kotler et al. 2015). This would make the company to tap a wide range of customers from the nearby locations. The company must charge a reasonable fee for this extra service (Kotler et al. 2015). The charge should be decided in such a manner that it is beneficial for the company and at the same time it is attractive to the customers. The company must charge $1 00 for extended hours and extra $50 for additional kilometer outside the range of base location. It is advisable to visit a wheel alignment center after travelling 10,000 miles. The company must use sensors and inspect the rim as well as tyre assemblies for effective delivery of services. The company should determine the capital expenditure required to set up this service infrastructure. This would require the company to determine the equipment needed for providing optimum service to the customers (Morris et al. 2015). The infrastructural costs, variable costs and the fixed costs need to be determined by the company (Morris et al.2015). There should be adequate planning of the budget and the necessary costs associated with the service delivery. It should also analyze the service costs such as expenses involving seven days a week service or services during the festive season (Morris et al. 2015). The company must also determine the service areas in comparison with the travel air losses or lost travel time (Morris et al. 2015). The company must know its break even analysis and how to implement the right strategy (Morris et al. 2015). The company should aim to find innovative marketing tools for the promotion of their innovative products (Bojei et al.2013). It should create the web store which provides additional services to the clients. There should be discounted pricing available online who prefer to use the online tools. There should be local services available to the customers in the smartphone applications. There should also be promotion of the company in the social networking sites. It should be decided by the company about the nature of service delivery to the customers (Bojei et al. 2013). The company must decide if it wants to provide the services at the doorsteps of the consumers or at the service stores. The company should highlight the benefits of online tools over the conventional store (Mata and Quesada 2014). There should be attractive early bird offers that compel the consumers to try the service of the company. It should also try to focus on the extra benefits associated such as warranty, price, c onvenience and brand (Bojei et al. 2013). One of the most common marketing tools that can be used by the company is the utilization of the van prices (FratzscherSchneider and Van Robays 2014). If the company manages to find a van in which it can fit the tyres, it can effectively formulate a marketing tool (Bojei et al. 2013). There can be multiple sources of the van such as online sources or offline dealers. The price of Chevrolet Express Cargo is $ 4270, which can be used to fit tyres and wrapping the vehicles. This can be used as a marketing tool, in which the tyres can be displayed effectively in the used vans. The company should determine the strengths of the competitors and formulate its policies accordingly. It should analyze the mobile service market in Australia (Verbeke 2013). The customers should be enquired about the frequency of car usage, type of use and the approximate mileage (Verbeke 2013). This should be used as a basic requirement for the formulation of various policies (Verbeke 2013). The company must charge services fee for making the fittings onsite. The company should formulate strategies for puncturing repairs at affordable costs (Padayachee 2016).It should regularly perform pricing analysis so that they are aware of their own position in the market (Verbeke 2013). The company should also provide quotes for the tyre brand available with them (Padayachee 2016). The company would be open in the normal business hours. However, the customers would be entitled to get the companys services at an additional cost outside the regular business hours. The tyre services usually take s a day or two, though the company must also provide same day services for the clients seeking emergency services (Padayachee 2016). The primary objective of Car Servicing and You Pty Limited is to satisfying the existing client base as well as gathering of new prospective clients (Kotler et al. 2015). It also aims to attract the younger generation such as students or the young working professionals (Kotler et al. 2015). The company aims to provide affordable as well as useful services that would help the clients in the long run. It is also essential to perform the analysis of the competitor in order to be ahead of the competition (Kotler et al. 2015). The recommendations would definitely help the company to bring innovative products to the different market segments. It is true that the average disposable income of a daily Australian national is increasing day by day. This makes the people to repair their old tyres or purchase new one. References Bojei, J., Julian, C.C., Wel, C.A.B.C. and Ahmed, Z.U., 2013. The empirical link between relationship marketing tools and consumer retention in retail marketing.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,12(3), pp.171-181. Christensen, C. and Raynor, M., 2013.The innovator's solution: Creating and sustaining successful growth. Harvard Business Review Press. Fratzscher, M., Schneider, D. and Van Robays, I., 2014. Oil prices, exchange rates and asset prices. Kaliske, M., Serafinska, A. and Zopf, C., 2013. Optimized and robust design of tires based on numerical simulation.Tire Science and Technology,41(1), pp.21-39. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Mahmoodi-Kaleibar, M., Javanshir, I., Asadi, K., Afkar, A. and Paykani, A., 2013. Optimization of suspension system of off-road vehicle for vehicle performance improvement.Journal of Central South University,20(4), pp.902-910. Mata, F.J. and Quesada, A., 2014. Web 2.0, social networks and e-commerce as marketing tools.Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research,9(1), pp.56-69. Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., Richardson, J. and Allen, J., 2015. Is the business model a useful strategic concept? Conceptual, theoretical, and empirical insights.Journal of Small Business Strategy,17(1), pp.27-50. Padayachee, P., 2016.The Impact of brand experience on brand loyalty: selected Caltex retail site(Doctoral dissertation, The IIE). Sharma, A. and Lambert, D.M., 2013. Segmentation of markets based on customer service.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Verbeke, A., 2013.International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Yang, L., Luo, P., Change Loy, C. and Tang, X., 2015. A large-scale car dataset for fine-grained categorization and verification. InProceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(pp. 3973-3981).

American World War essays

American World War essays Americans fought very had to receive their independence from England. Their determination of self-rule was evident from the very beginning. From early settlement, the colonists gave evidence to this determination. The increase in control of England increased their desire to be treated fairly as English citizens, but England did not give them the feeling of fair treatment. Ever since the beginnings of settlement, England and America had been growing apart. England was still an aristocracy, ruled by men born and bred to a high station in life. The society was one of culture and refinement. Deprived of abundant opportunity at home, the common people accepted a position of dependence rather than independence. But in America, things had gone differently. The society was rather democratic. There were no lords or hereditary officers. The wilderness had attracted men of independent spirit, and the stern conditions of the frontier had bred self-reliance and self-respect. The New World made men enterprising, energetic, and aggressive. The distance between the colonists and England was as equally wide as their political thinking. British statesmen believed that Parliament had complete authority over the colonies. It could make laws for them, tax them and even abolish their elected assemblies. But, patriot leaders in America denied all this. They believed Parliament was bound to respect certain natural rights of man. The colonists did not think Parliament represented them, therefore they did not respect the taxes it imposed. The English leaders, on the other hand, thought members of Parliament looked after the best interests of the whole empire. People all over the world believe that government protects life, liberty, and property. Were it not for government, the world would soon run into all manner of disorders and confusions, (136,Text). The idea that stable and enlightened government could be achieved by ...

Introduction to Automation

Introduction to Automation Free Online Research Papers Human being is a characteristics species among all living species that distinguish itself from all other living species by its ability to magnify and extend its own capabilities. Earlier, the human being has been described as a tool utilizing other animals for carrying out the work generally ascribed by him for himself. The capabilities of man along with his desire for knowledge and improvement leads to the development of a device called â€Å"A machine†. A machine, as per one of the definitions given in ‘Oxford English Dictionary’ is â€Å"An apparatus for applying mechanical power consisting of a number of interrelated parts, each having a definite function.† The evolution of machine is attributed to the propagating power of machine which is inherited from its ancestor machines. Existing machine tool makes the pathway for the manufacturing of more advanced machine tools which successively serves to accelerate the evolution of new machine tools. The industrial revolution which started in 18th century urges for mechanization by systematically eliminating human labour for the need of better work, consistence performance and higher production. The word mechanization was then replaced by the dynamic word â€Å"Automation†. The automation reinforces the process of technological development. Over a period of time, it has been seen that the machinery becomes more and more automated. This is achieved by eliminating machine-operator intervention in manufacturing processes and process controls. A high accuracy, consistence performance, greater production rate, etc. makes these machines inherently specialized. These specialized machines can process only limited number of components. The need of manually operated machines can been ruled out except for prototype and low volume component production. Modern manufacturing systems and industrial robots are advanced automation systems that utilize computers as an integral part of their control. Computers are now a vital part of automation. They control stand-alone manufacturing systems, such as various machine tools, welders, and laser beam cutters. They run production lines and are beginning to take over control of an engine factory. Even more challenging are new robots performing various operations in industrial plants and participating in the full automation of factories. It is well to keep in mind that the automatically controlled factory is nothing more than the latest development in the industrial revolution that began in Europe two centuries ago and progressed the following stages: 1. Construction of simple production machines and mechanizations started in 1770, at the beginning of the revolution. 2. Fixed automatic mechanism and transfer lines for mass production came along at the turn of this century. The transfer line is an organization of manufacturing facilities for faster output and shorter production time. The cycle of operation is simple and fixed and is designed to produce a certain product. 3. Next came machine tools with simple automatic control, such as plug board controllers to perform a fixed sequence of operations and copying machines in which a stylus moves on a master copy and simultaneously transmits command signals to servo drivers. 4. The introduction of numerical control (NC) in 1952 opened a new era in automation. NC is based on digital computer principles, which was a new technology at that time. 5. The logical extension of NC was computerized numerical control (CNC) for machines tools, in which a minicomputer is included as an integral part of the control cabinet. 7. Industrial robots were developed simultaneously with the CNC systems. The first commercial robot was developed in 1961, but they did not play a major role in the manufacturing until the late 1970s. 8. A fully automatic factory which employs a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) and computer and computer aided design/computer –aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques in the next logical extension. FMS means a facility that includes manufacturing cells, each cell containing a robot serving several CNC machines, and an automatic material- handling systems interfaced with a central computer. Stages of development: (i) First Industrial Revolution, began with the advent of powered machine tools and the creation of factories but continuously moved toward Mechanization rather labour muscle power. (ii) Second Industrial Revolution, began in 1900s with advent of mass production and assembly lines. The large automated Material Mechanisms and transfer lines were developed. This type of automation is, these days, called as fixed automation. Specifically, Automation is a term was coined by D.S. Harder of Ford Motor company in 1947. (iii) Third Industrial Revolution, evolved in recent years is flexible in contrast to second. In this, computers are used to control, processes as well as the information system i.e. both muscle as well as brain work for production. Production is the a transformation process that converts raw material into finished products that have value in market place. The products are made by the combined efforts of man, machine, material and tools. All work requires both energy and information, and these two elements must be provided by some sources, either a human or any substitute. More the human attributes, if performed by a machine, the higher it has â€Å"automaticity†. Automaticy is thus defined as self-acting capability of the device in general terms. Mechanization Mechanization is providing human operators with machinery that assist them with the muscular requirements of work. It can also refer to the use of machines to replace human or animal labor. A step beyond mechanization is automation. Even the use of hand powered tools is an example of mechanization as it reduces the work of either screwing, drilling, inserting nails, punching or even power washing a surface. Mechanical vs human labour When we compare the efficiency of a labourer, we see that he has an efficiency of about 1%-5.5% (depending on whether he uses arms, or a combination of arms and legs). Internal combustion engines have mostly about an efficiency of 20%. This although, some IC engines state efficiencies of

The Development of Criminal Process in the Chinese Legal System Essay

The Development of Criminal Process in the Chinese Legal System - Essay Example The competences of the police unit to administer legal sanctions as determined by the courts are key concerns of this paper. The evolution in legal justice especially conflict resolution between the government and the court is also discussed. Further, the paper looks into the punitive measures established by the law and their administration. It goes ahead to determine how much significant this has had in China in terms of integration towards globalization. The timeline of these events especially after World War II is showed. Introduction The most general temperament of human rights infringement in the Republic of China is a crucial point of view both internationally and within the China’s state. General seminars are cruelly suppressed. The rights of expression and sense of right and wrong are critically examined. Basic freedoms of association for work unions and other independent societies are not valued. The criminal justice system carry on to spate torment, random detention and rebuff of due process. These tortures and the other have extremely been recorded by the international human rights organizations for example the Amnesty International, Human Rights watch and Human Rights in the people’s republic of China, besides inter governmental bodies and national authorities (Stanley, 1999, p36)1. Despite the magnitude of the international focal point on china and the re-occurrences solitude of the Chinese’s government for its deeds, development towards improvement ha appreciated very slowly. The lawyers Committee for Human Rights value that a long outcome to these are rooted problems which lie in all-inclusive change of those Chinese laws and practices which encourage the continuity of serious abuse. This on the other hand will need an increased participation of the Chinese lawyers, legal academics and the rights advocate in efforts to put into effect these new rules. It is believed that the new chance exists in making progress in this route. In the past years, Chinese authority has embarked on the right track of reform which contributes to societal upgrade and law abiding through a driven desire to put up to date most of its institutions to be fully amalgamated into the economical world. The consequences involved in these processes include enormous part inadvertent by the Chinese state to give specific grounds for careful hopefulness. Growth and area of specialization of legal communal within China that is growing cognizant of global rules that are to say these individuals, of which some work at the margins of official elegance, represents a specific prospect of change from within. The other is the going through of the law into the everyday’s matter of Chinese life, which began slowly to inspire the sense that freedom and rights is defined, codified and is real through the accepted procedure. Boarding on it policies of Reform and Opening, the Chinese government has put in place constantly concrete stress on the needs to improve the country’s legal system. The strategy has made the government be driven by strong values of real politics at the onset of the Chinese leaders who are principally motivated by desire to allure west investment and put to bay a re-occurrence of riot in the communal growth. In 1980s, this made them stress the law duties in guiding the dos and don’ts of economic values and state rules in the market specialization. In the process, china was pulled rootlet

Econometrics Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econometrics - Literature review Example gh ROA are sure that the same success will transform into a better market price for its stock as fundamental profitability exploration is a true indication of a firm’s performance. Similarly, it has been comparatively challenging to identify the exact value of a firm since stocks are subjected to speculative swings. Noteworthy, there has been an increased prominence and concentration on the dingy outlook for social security and personal retirement plans, factors that make it exceedingly important for people to comprehend the factors that drive a company’s profitability to enable them make sound investment decisions. Apparently, considering the dynamism that is prominent in the corporate world, it becomes imperative that even managers and investors gain a candid understanding of how the various activities that a firm engages in affects its profitability and how that affect its dividends pay-out, performance in the industry and how its projection on sales and other long-term assets and liabilities is affected. This study will investigate the effects of factors such as the sector the firm is classified in, capital expenditures, debt-to-equity ratios, sales and R&D (research and development) expenditures on a firm’s ROA. To gauge the importance of these factors, I will conduct a multivariate regression analysis of the presented data. However, prior and the analysis and setting up of a model that describes the effects of the factors, a comprehensive literature review regarding the aforementioned factors is inevitable. McLaney & Peter evaluate the dependability, uses and elements of market-value and accounting measures of profitability. Apparently, they find that variations between market-value and accounting measures of profitability connote the cogency of cautionary remarks regarding the use of accounting data (McLaney & Peter 122). Additionally, there exists an important explanatory role for industry growth, leverage, TV advertising and R&D intensity as

Benefits of Breastfeeding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Benefits of Breastfeeding - Research Paper Example (Brown and Isaacs, 2007, p.166) Last few years have witnessed that people now are becoming increasingly aware of the need to change our lifestyles drastically in order to lessen the existing pressures on environment and the available stock of natural resources. One of the most ignored issues, with respect to the health of our mother nature, is probably breastfeeding. Breast milk is one such food item which is not only renewable natural resource and is highly beneficial for the child, but also non-polluting. It does not even require any other natural resources and can be directly fed to the child. On the contrary, the artificial baby food not only pollutes the environment but also depletes the existing stock of natural resources. Statistics show that every year, 1.5 million babies die because of it and many suffer from ill health. Therefore, whether a mother should breast feed her child or not is not only a lifestyle issue but a health, social and environmental issue. (Correa) Body se ction One: Importance of Breast Feeding This section describes the importance of breast feeding in ensuring the healthy development of the child. These articles enumerate that it is important for the mothers to breast feed their child help him grow healthily and also to reduce the medical cost of the family. If bottled milk is replaced by breast milk, this would also reduce the medical expenses of the families. In D Michels’s article titled â€Å"Mother Nature Loves Breast milk†, the author has stated â€Å"If every child in America were bottle-fed, almost 86,000 tons of tin would be needed to produce 550 million cans for one year’s worth of formula.† (Environmental Benefits of Breastfeeding, 2011) The problem with bottle feeding, other than the health issues, is that the bottles, nipples, silicon, glass etc. required for bottle feeding are resource-intensive and to make the matters shoddier, they often lead to non-recyclable and non-biodegradable end pro ducts. Moreover, tests have shown that many of the top brands of baby foods contain some genetically modified components. Even the cows, whose milk is used to prepare these artificial foods, are injected with growth hormones so that more milk is produced. Therefore, these growth hormones also find their way into these baby foods. Mother’s milk, on the other hand, are neither genetically modified nor contaminated by growth hormones, and is therefore healthier for the babies. Mother’s milk also gets absorbed more easily in comparison to formula, as a result of which lesser excretion takes place. (Environmental Benefits of Breastfeeding, 2011) Another matter of rising concern in today’s time is the rising cost of treatment. In the year 2009, the United States had spent around 17.6% of the GDP of the nation, which accounts to $2.5 trillion, on health care. It is becoming increasingly difficult for the authorities and government alike to curb this rising cost. In thi s light, the authorities have stressed on the importance of breastfeeding exclusively for the first 6 months and then continuing it for the next year or two as a part of healthy diet. This will reduce the risk of diseases for the lifetime of the children and also their mothers, as a result of which, a healthier society will emerge. (Gutowski, Walker & Chetwynd, 2010, pp.2-3) Body Section Two: The Nutrition Value of Breast Milk The articles in this

Internationalization Strategies | Suzuki and Essel Propack

Internationalization Strategies | Suzuki and Essel Propack 1) Introduction Of the many internationalization theories posited, the Uppsala model (Cavusgil, 1980, Johanson Vahlne, 1977) stands out as the most popular and will form the basis of this analysis of this analysis of the internationalization strategy adopted by the companies mentioned in this case study. This model hypothesizes the internationalization process is a result of an epistemic understanding of the internationalization market. The internationalization process is a result of a gradual improvement in the understanding of the international and takes place in a linear sequential fashion. In essence, The Uppsala model construes internationalization intent as an outcome of the psychic distance between two locations i.e similarities between markets in terms of business culture and market understanding influence the decision to penetrate that market (Johanson Vahlne, 1977). The Uppsala model consists of the following stages:- †¢ Need Based Sporadic Exports †¢ Regular Exports through Independent Agents †¢ Creation of subsidiaries abroad to commercialize their product †¢ Producing their products abroad 2) Companies Analyzed The companies that I have selected to analyze are:- a. Essel Propack ( Indian sub-continent Tubing Industry ) b. Suzuki ( Japan Automobiles) The companies have been selected primarily due to convenience of data available online and the fact that both companies are held by parents which operate in major international markets. 3) Essel Propack The case study reveals how a company (Essel Propack) based in an emerging market transforms into an innovative, high-tech industry and a leading player in the tubing industry. A large number of firms from developing markets are now tuning into international markets with the intent of turning into multinationals. These firms are giving substantial competition to existing multinational companies from developed countries. Starting from a developing country, Essel Propack today has twenty-four manufacturing facilities in 13 countries, and has a compelling 32 per cent (estimated) global market share. Clearly then, it has emerged as the leading specialty packaging company in the world. The key to the success of EPLs internationalization strategy has been to effectively use acquisitions to grow and rapidly expand. Acquisitions make it easy to quickly own market knowledge effectively. Access to market knowledge is facilitated by owning a subsidiary abroad as the first penetration point. 4.I. Packaging industry and market dynamics With increasing competition and a wide spectrum of indistinguishable products the quest to own a differentiator has moved to packaging in several consumer product industries. Packaging has become a crucial part of the overall product and differentiation strategy. Companies are paying more attention towards packaging in a bid to garner more recognition/recall share which ultimately leads to realising better revenues. The global packaging industry is estimated to be US $580 billion with a 5 per cent growth per annum. Polymers are central ingredient for modern packaging because polymers offer a number of advantages such as cost effectiveness including logistic cost, lower weight, convenient handling, minimum wastage, more compatibility with designs and aesthetics. Polymers are preferred to many other packaging options like glass, jute, paper, metals and wood. Such is the demand that packaging now accounts for about 25 per cent of total global polymer demand. Tubes are a special form of packaging and find application in oral care, healthcare, cosmetics and toiletries, hair care, pharmaceutical, food and some industrial products. There are mainly three categories of tubes used for packaging applications namely aluminum, laminate and plastic. Tube packaging began with aluminum tubes which are now being increasingly replaced by laminated and plastic tubes. 36 billion tubes per year are manufactured globally out of which 42% are aluminum tubes, 39% billion are laminated tubes and 19% are plastic tubes. The Tube packaging industry has become extremely competitive in recent years and several changes have occurred in its structure: †¢ Capacities have been consolidated by customers by global sourcing options †¢ Increased Competition that has led to downward pressure on pricing †¢ Increased bargaining powers of the buyers †¢ Pressure to keep up with the rapid technological change This has led to regional players being marginalized and having to either merge with larger players or operate only in specialized niche markets. A direct outcome of the consolidation is that the global laminate industry is now dominated by big three players EPL, Alcan and Betts. 4.II. Essel Propack Origins Growth Story EPL is a part of the Essel Group headed by Subhash Chandra which also owns Zee Entertainment Enterprises (the largest media and Entertainment Company in India). EPL was incorporated in 1982 and started production in 1984. The company was the first in India to enter the laminated tubes business. In 2004, it entered the plastic tubes industry. 2006 saw the company make its first acquisition and forayed turned to business of medical devices by evolving 2 medical devices- one based in USA and the other in Singapore. Again in 2006, Essel Propack (EP) penetrated the specialty packaging materials industry by acquiring a South India based company. As on today, EPL is the worlds largest packaging company with manufacturing of laminated and seamless tubes having a wide variety of applications in cosmetics, personnel care, pharmaceutical, oral care and food and industrial sectors. The client base is enviable with several multinational clients as well as domestic ones. Not only that, it has succ essfully managed to create production facilities in countries like China, USA, UK, Russia, Germany, Mexico, Colombia, Philippines, Indonesia, Egypt, Poland and Singapore and of course India. As mentioned earlier with an estimated 32% global market share it is the undisputable leader in the laminated tubes market. In 2001, Essel Packaging (Guangzhou) Ltd, the Chinese subsidiary of EPL, was awarded the ‘‘Most Reliable Enterprise of 2001; In 2006, Essel Propack was a mentioned in Forbes Asias Annual Best Under Billion Companies. Clearly, then Essel Propack has emerged as the one of the worlds best in a relatively short span. From the revenue charts over the years, it can be clearly seen that growth has been incremental but real tapering off in recent years due to the economic slowdown. The segment revenue as on 31.12.2008 is as follows:- 4.III. The phases of growth The first phase was began in 1984, when the company began catering to the packaging needs of the oral care industry by manufacturing tubes and converting aluminum tube users into laminated tubes. Slowly the company also began to serve other related industries such as cosmetics, toiletries, industrial products etc. The second phase started in 1992 with setting up its first overseas venture in Egypt. The third phase saw EPL penetrate the plastic tubes industry with the acquisition of Arista Tubes, UK. The fourth phase marked the entry into medical devices in 2006 by acquiring Tacpro Inc., USA and Avalon Medical Devices, Singapore. It also entered into specialty packaging for personnel care and food industries with the acquisition of Packaging India Pvt Ltd, a leading specialty packaging material company in south India. The company has largely followed Acquisition combined with setting up subsidiaries as a primary medium of rapid expansion. Following are the some of the milestones years in the growth path:- †¢ In 1993, EPL sets up its first overseas venture in Egypt. †¢ In 1997, the company forms a wholly owned subsidiary in Guangzhou, China †¢ In 1999, EPL set up a joint venture in Dresden, Germany. †¢ In 2000, EPL acquires the tubing operations of the Propack group (4th largest laminated tube manufacturer in the world). †¢ In 2003, EPL sets up a manufacturing plant at Danville, USA, to serve Proctor Gambles North American operations. †¢ In 2004, EPL forms Beri-Essel Closures Pvt Ltd a joint venture with a German company Bericap Holding GmbH to manufacture hi-tech closures. †¢ In August 2004, EPL acquires Arista Tubes, UKS leading seamless plastic tubes manufacturer †¢ In 2005, EPs plant in Russia began its commercial operations. Acquires another laminated tube manufacturing company named Telcon Packaging Limited in UK †¢ In 2006, the company enters the Medical Devices industry by acquiring Tacpro Inc., USA, and Avalon Medical Services, Singapore. †¢ In August 2006, the company makes its plans known to set up a plastic tubes plant in Poland. †¢ In August 2006, EP acquired Packaging India, based in the southern part of India. 4.IV. Internationalization Strategy of Essel Propack The Internalization strategy of Essel Propack is clearly the outcome of an aggressive acquisition led plan backed by the finances of the Essel Group. This suggests that the Internationalization process can be substantially accelerated with readily available funding. Each market that EPL serves has a manufacturing plant installed that serves the host country as well as others that are its neighbors. In the Uppsala model Essel Propack is at the 4th Stage where it has the capacity of producing its products abroad. This has been the outcome of its market knowledge gathered since 1984 or over a period of 25 odd years. The clearly shows that Essel Propack has grown by incremental knowledge about the markets it operates in. 4) Suzuki Suzuki Motor Corporation is the 9th largest Japanese automobile manufacturer in the world by production volume headquartered in Hamamatsu, Japan. It specializes in manufacturing compact automobiles, the full range of motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, outboard marine engines, wheelchairs and a many other small internal combustion engines. It has 35 main production facilities in 23 countries and 133 distributors in 192 countries 4.I. Maruti Suzuki Origins Growth Story Maruti Suzuki India Limited ( Based in Gurgaon) is Suzukis biggest subsidiary and has a yearly production of 626,071 units ( as on 2006). Suzuki has a majority stake (54.2% ) in the Indian auto giant with the remaining owned by the various Indian public and financial institutions. It is a joint venture in the name of Maruti-Suzuki incorporated in 1981 and listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India. The company had a 54% market share of the passenger car market in India in 2005-2006. Suzuki in its desire to penetrate the Indian passenger car market initially became a minor partner with the Indian Government as hence the joint venture Maruti Suzuki was born as a Government of India company, with Suzuki as a minor partner. The clear objective was to make a peoples car for the humongous middle class India. Suzuki in the 1980s already had major share in the wheeler segment and was looking to penetrate the Indian 4 wheeler segment. The socio- political situation in India existing at that point in time made the Indian Government scout for a foreign collaborator for the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhis pet project to produce a â€Å"Peoples Car†. A group of Indian technocrats was given the role to source out a collaborator for this project. Toyota, Nissan and Honda the market leaders were all considered but Suzuki won the bid due to the persistence of Osamu Suzuki the CEO Chairman of Suzuki. The Joint venture was so successful that it prompted Suzuki to incr ease its equity participation from 25% to the current 54.2% thereby becoming the controlling parent company. There have been other subsidiaries in India:- SUZUKI POWERTRAIN INDIA LIMITED: Produces engines for cars SUZUKI MOTORCYCLE INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED: Produces Two Wheelers under brand name Suzuki. The first car was introduced in to India in 1898. Though imports of completely assembled cars were a recurring phenomenon in India, the local assembly of cars was missing until 1928. As a part of its internationalization plan, General Motors already had an assembly plant in Bombay in 1928 to reassemble cars and trucks using completed knocked down (c.k.d) kits sourced directly from USA. Ford Motor Company established also took the lead and rapidly established assembly plants in Madras in 1930 and Calcutta in 1931. However, full sledged manufacture of cars really started in 1942 with the Birla Group establishing Hindustan Motors Limited in Calcutta and the Walchand Group establishing Premier Automobiles Limited in Bombay. In the wake of these developments, the Standard Motor Products Limited was established to manufacture automobiles in Madras in the year 1948. However in 1947, as the British rule in India was heading towards an end, the Government of British India created a Panel on Automobiles and Tractors to recommend a framework for establishing manufacturing facilities in the country. The outcome of the panels study was its recommendation to encourage transport industry in India for her economic development. Due to the economic situation prevalent at that time, the Government of India viewed passenger cars as ostentatious and saw no real need to assign priority level to this industry. Nonetheless, the government did see merit in encouraging private investment in domestic manufacturing of passenger cars. The natural fallout of this thinking resulted in the government passing an ordinance that if the foreign players didnt have any significant plans in manufacturing cars locally then they should exit India within a span of three years. This effectively terminated the Indian relationship with General Motors and Ford Motors and they stopped their operations. A point to be noted here is that internationalization should always be integrated with the existing government thinking and policies, a hostile government will generally not allow foreign players to effectively run their operations, as we have seen in the case of General Motors and Ford Motors. With the exit of General Motors and Ford Motors, the car industry in India had just two main players: Hindustan Motors manufacturing under the brand name â€Å"Ambassador† and Premier Automobiles manufacturing under the brand name â€Å"Fiat†. However, the cars produced remained the exclusive purchases of the rich and famous and most people couldnt afford to buy them. The quality of these cars was poor by international standards which further erected barriers in purchases. This resulted in a poor offtake and low volume providing little motivation for the other entrepreneurs in the automobile industry for the next thirty years and this industry grew at a really slow pace during these years. As mentioned earlier it was not until the sixties that the government felt a need to produce small passenger cars. Sanjay Gandhi, the son of the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi was entrusted with the responsibility of manufacturing small passenger cars and he started a company called Maruti Limited to do realize government ambitions. However by 1977, the company was liquidated prompting the Government of India by an Act of the Parliament to acquire Maruti Limited and rename it to Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL). MUL became a public sector company fully owned by the Government of India. The political interest in the success of the project was great and a lot rode of the success of the newly reconstituted MUL. An optimistic production target for MUL was set at manufacturing 100,000 small passenger economy cars in a period of five years which required it to have the best technical team. The management of MUL started looking for a foreign collaborator that had the potential to sat isfy its needs of providing a low cost fuel-efficient car engine of below 1000cc. 11 large established automobile companies from UK, France, West Germany, Italy and Japan were considered and invited to be partners. Most foreign partners however seemed highly cautious with the proposed joint venture. It seemed that Mitsubishi Motors of Japan was to be the likely winner in the race to partner the Indian Government. Surprisingly however Suzuki Motors was chosen amongst several of its more illustrious peers because of its attractive offer and high speed of working. The agreement finalized on October 2, 1982 formed the basic bedrock for the introduction of Suzuki and its long term successful partnership with the Indian Government. 4.II. Internationalization Strategy Osamu Suzukis vision was central in Suzuki Motors bid to enter India. His commitment to the cause made managers from MUL comfortable discussing issues with Osamu Suzuki. The real reason for MUL selecting Suzuki was because of the quickness of making decisions. Clearly, Suzuki was more committed to the cause compared to Mitsubishi Motors which was mired in the bureaucracy of its working. Osamu Suzuki was quick to realize that the current demand for 50,000 cars per year was due to a poor product and inefficient manufacturing standards of Hindustan Motors and Premier Automobile. The real demand assessed by his team was pegged at least 2, 00,000 a year. This assessment was despite of the fact that in Japan at this time, Suzuki Motors was producing lesser cars (Greater than 800cc) than the target outlined by the government of India. It clearly took a calculated risk despite knowledge that it didnt have a demonstrated competency in producing cars above 800cc. According to the terms of the agreement equity participation was the chief form of involvement. Suzuki agreed on a lower equity participation because it felt that India was under-served and also because of its desire to invest in the country which had the worlds second largest population. Equity participation with Government of India has always been the chief internationalization strategy followed by Suzuki insofar as it relates to India. In many countries, Automobile is a regulated industry and FDI norms do not permit a foreign company to directly setup manufacturing facilities unless partnered with a local company. Many other bidders, barring Suzuki of course declined the lucrative joint venture due to this policy of the Government of India. They wanted to setup a directly controlled subsidiary and refused any equity participation with the Indian government. However, Suzuki Motors Company agreed to 26% shareholding in MUL in 1982 relinquishing its right to directly control the operations of the company. It gradually increased its equity stake after about six years to 40% in 1989 and then to 50% in 1992. It currently holds 54.2% and directly controls MUL as on date. This has been only possible due to gradually increasing its relationship and understanding of the Indi an market further reiterating the Uppsala model of psychic distance as a possible explanation of internationalization strategy. Celarly, here the initial production facilities were owned by the government of india, Suzuki has managed through equity pariticipation have a controlling stake in which was primarily a Government Owned enteprise. No company in the automobile segment has influenced the Indian Passenger Car market as much as Suzuki has done. Again, this bears a striking resemblence to the amount of time taken to internationalize. Clearly, since its genesis in 1983 it has taken roughly 25 years for Suzuki to become a an established major player in the Indian Sub-Continent, the same amount that was taken by Essel Propack. 5) Conclusion. The Internationalisation process has been a matter of scrutiny since the early days of international business (Aharoni, 1966; Root, 1987; Berkema and Drogendijk, 2007). Internationalisation is clearly a topic which lies at the heart of the international business field. Many questions in international business research emerge as a result of the interplay between the firm and the different locations (Hutzschenreuter et al., 2007). There are two major threads to internationalisation namely, the stages approach ( emodied in the uppsala model) and the born global approach. Firms face obvious disadvantages in competing with local firms in foreign markets and therefore here , internationalisation is all about surmounting inherent disadvantages that foreignness brings with it (Hymer, 1960, 1968; Hutzschenreuter et al., 2007). We saw clearly that Essel Propack needed to compete with the local pakaging suppliers and its primary intent was to surmounting this very barrier. Hence, it opted to ha ve an acquistion strategy where local manufacturers are acquired instead of directly setting up subsidiaries. As mentioned earlier, the Uppasala model (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977, 1990) suggests that companies internationalise in small, incremental steps and the internationalisation of the firm should be interpreted as a sequential learning curve. (Cyert and March, 1963; Barkema and Drogendijk, 2007; Hutzschenreuter et al., 2007). International expansion for many companies is limited due to the lack of knowledge about markets. Such knowledge can only be acquired through experience from operations abroad (Forsgen and Johanson, 1992). We saw in the case of Suzuki that partnering with the Government of India was the only option available if it had to penetrate the Indian Passenger Car market. In terms of the Uppsala model both India and Japan are also culturally close and have a lot in common. The success of the JV is a testament to this. The â€Å"foreign† perception and lack of information were the major reasons for organizations to follow traditional forms of internationalisation. However, future research can also focus on the â€Å"born global† framework where global firms go to international markets soon after their operations and that too at a fast pace(McKinsey, 1993; Rasmussen and Madsen, 2002). 6) References 70 years of Suzuki Motors Corporation, Suzuki Motors Corporation, Japan, 1990 Annual Report 1998-99, Maruti Udyog Limited, India Aharoni, Y. (1966), The Foreign Direct Investment Decision Process, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA. Athreye Suma Kapur Sandeep (1999) Foreign Controlled Manufacturing Firms in India Long-Term Trends Economic and Political Weekly, November 27, 1999 Barkema, H.G. and Drogendijk, R. (2007), ‘‘Internationalizing in small, incremental or larger steps?, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 1132-48. Chaterjee, Bhaskar (1990) Japanese Management Maruti and the Indian Experience Companies, 2nd International Conference of Association ofInternational Business-India Chapter, Loyola College, Chennai, Jan 14-16. Cyert, R.M. and March, J.G. (1963), A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Blackwell Business, Cambridge, MA. Data Base Select Report, Research Institute of Economic and Business, Kobe University, Japan Encamation, Dennis (1 989) Dislodging Multinationals, Indias Strategy in Comparative Perspective, Cornell University Press. FDI from Japan to India, http://www.mof.gojp/english/elc008.htmMarch, 2000 Foreign Direct Investment approved by the Government of India, 1990-2000, Indian Investment Center, Government of India. History: Suzuki Motors, 1909-2001, http://www.suzuki.co.jp/cpd/kobe_e/6-l.htmJanuary. 2000 Forsgen, M. and Johanson, J. (1992), ‘‘Managing in international multi-centre firms, in Forsgen, Hutzschenreuter, T., Pedersen, T. and Volberda, H.W. (2007), ‘‘The role of path dependency and managerial intentionality: a perspective on international business research, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 1055-68. Hymer, S. (1960), ‘‘The international operations of national firms: a study of direct investments, Hymer, S. (1968), ‘‘La grande firme internattionale, Revue Economique, Vol. 14 No. 6, pp. 949-73. India Investment Center, (w ww document) http://www.iic.nic.in (accessed September 2003 and June 2004) Indian Investment Center, Foreign Direct Investment approved by the Government of India, 1990-2000. Japanese Overseas Investments in Asia, Toyo Keizai Publication, 1990 Japanese Overseas Investments in Asia, Toyo Keizai Publication, 1998 Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.E. (1977), ‘‘The internationalization process of the firm: a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 23-32. Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.E. (1990), ‘‘The mechanism of internationalization, International Marketing Review, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 11-24. Johri, Lalit M. (1983) Business Strategies of Multinational Corporations in India: Case Study of Drug and Pharmaceutical Industry, Vision Books Pvt. Limited: New Delhi Kidron, Michael (1965) Foreign Investments in India, Oxford University Press: London Krishna Kumar (2003), Has India Inc F ailed in Playing the Leadership Role? Vikalpa, Volume 28, No 3, July-September 2003 Kumar, Nagesh (1990) Multinational Enterprises in India-Industrial Distribution, Characteristics, and Performance, New York: Routledge. Kumar, Sanjeev (1996) Foreign Direct Investment in India, B.R. Publishing Corporation: Delhi. Kurian, Mathew K. (1966) Impact of Foreign Capital on Indian Economy, Peoples Publishing House Private Limited, New Delhi Lall, Sanjaya (1999), Indias Manufactured Exports: Comparative Structure and Prospects, World Development, Volume 27, Issue 10, Elsevier Science Limited, http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed 11120/2003) M. and Johanson, J. (Eds), Managing Networks in International Business, Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 19-31. McKinsey Company (1993), Emerging Exporters. Australias High Value-Added Manufacturing Exporters, McKinsey Company and the Australian Manufacturing Council, Melbourne. Nayak, Amar KJR (2000), Disequilibrium of FDI in Extraction VI S Conservation of Natural Resources, International Conference on New Environmental Technologies, BORDA (Germany) NISW ASS (India), Bhubaneswar, Nov. 28-30 Nayak, Amar KJR (2000), Patterns ofFDI in India, Masters Dissertation, Graduate School of Business, Kobe University, Japan. Nayak, Amar KJR (2002), Dis-equilibrium of FDI in extraction vis conservation of natural resources, International Conference on New Environmental Technology, Bhubaneswar Nayak, Amar KJR (2002), Patterns of Foreign Direct Investment in India, 1900s-2000, Masters Thesis, Graduate School of Business Administration, Kobe University, Japan Nayak, Amar KJR (2003), Impact of Trade Investment Policies of GATT/WTO on India, 1955-2000, XXVII Conference of Indian Social Science Congress, lIT Kharagpur, India, Dec 3-7 Nayak, Amar KJR (2004), Globalization Process in India: A Clash of Development Objectives of Host with Growth Objectives of Foreign PhD dissertation, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Instit ute of Technology; published by MIT Press under same title in 1976. Prospectus, June 25, 2003, Maruti Udyog Limited, Rasmussen, E.S. and Madsen, T.K. (2002), ‘‘The born global concept, 28th EIBA Conference, Denmark. available at: www.aueb.gr/deos/EIBA2002.files/PAPERS/S4.pdf (accessed 23 March 2008). Records of the History ofJapanese Management and Japanese companies, Overseas Companies and Managers, 1979 Reserve Bank ofIndia, http://www.rbi.org.in January, 2000 Root, F.R. (1987), Entry Strategies for International Markets, Heath, Lexington. Sharma Kishore (2000), Export Growth in India, Has FDI Played a Role? Discussion Paper, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, http://www . econ. yale. eduz-cgccntor/ Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2002), Globalization and its Discontents, Allen Lane The Penguin Press, London Suzuki Motor Corporation, Report to the Government of Japan, 1983 2000 Tomlinson B.R. (1989) British Business in India, 1860-1970 in Davenport-Hines, R.P.T. and Ge offrey Jones (eds.), British Business in Asia since 1860, Cambridge University Press, New York Venkataramani, Raja (1990) Japan enters Indian Industry: the Maruti-Suzukijoint venture, New Delhi: Radiant Publication To Kill A Mockingbird: Historical Accuracy To Kill A Mockingbird: Historical Accuracy To Kill a Mockingbird is based off the novel written by Harper Lee of the same title, telling the story of a young girl Jean Louis Finch and her brother Jem growing up in Alabama during the Great Depression. To Kill a Mockingbird is a fictional story about a young girl, Jean Louis Finch (Scout), and her brother, Jem, growing up in Depression-era Alabama. The film centers on the trial of a young black man accused of raping a young white woman. The film was released in 1962 and directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay, written by Horton Foote, is greatly based on the novel of the same name by Harper Lee. It stars Gregory Peck, Mary Badham, Phillip Alford, Robert Duvall, and Brock Peters. To Kill a Mockingbird won three academy awards for best actor, best screenplay, and best director, and it was nominated for five others. The 1930s Depression and the complex racial relations within the South form the historical context of To Kill a Mockingbird. To Kill a Mockingbird seeks to portray the racial injustices and prejudices against African Americans in the South, while also making a statement about civil rights issues that were occurring when the film was released. The film is greatly autobiographical of the novels author, Harper Lee, and is a study of small town life in the South. The trial of Tom Robinson in the film is reflective of the Scottsboro Trials of the 1930s and the Emmett Till Trials of the 1950s. Also, as Lee was writing the novel the Brown v. Board of Education decision had just been reached and many events in the Civil Rights movement had taken place. Rosa Parks had stirred events leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Authenine Lucy had entered the all white University of Alabama. The racial tensions leading to these events are reflected in the plot and themes of To Kill a Mockingbird. The novel and film of To Kill a Mockingbird are largely an autobiographical account of Harper Lees life. Lee has denied that the story has autobiographical elements, claiming an author only writes what she knows, but the similarities between Lees life, and Scouts life are unmistakable. The novel is set in Maycomb, Alabama, a town resembling Lees hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. Like Maycomb, Monroeville was a world surrounded by racism and occasionally violence. Her childhood and the current events of the 1950s inspired Lee to write To Kill a Mockingbird. Like Scout, Lees father, A.C. Lee, was the inspiration for Atticus Finch. Like Atticus, Lee was a quiet, respected lawyer in a small town, and a member of the state legislature . Lees father had defended two blacks accused of murdering a Monroeville merchant, but the two men were found guilty and hanged . Lees mothers maiden name was Finch, which Lee directly honors by giving the main family in the film and novel the name of Finch. An important part of Lees extended family was lifelong friend, Truman Capote. Lee has admitted that Capote was the inspiration for the character of Dill Harris. Lee herself was known as a rough n tough tomboy much as Scout is portrayed. Through the use of setting, Mulligan was able to accurately portray the South in the 1930s at the height of the Depression. Maycomb, Alabama, was a tired old town in the 30s There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with. But it was a time of vague optimism. Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself. During the Depression, over farming had exhausted the soil, and tenement farming worsened the conditions. These worsened soil conditions and falling cotton process drastically effected economic situations for most blacks and whites in the South. Those with professions in towns were also affected, because, as Atticus explains in the beginning of the film, the farmers cannot afford the services of those with skilled professions in town. Almost everybody was poor. The film accurately portrays the social system of the Depression era South. There was a definite caste system in the rural South. The South had a stubborn will to hold onto its traditions of the past. The social hierarchy in society must be maintained. The film acutely attacks racism and the fear of sexual taboos in its portrayal of the justice system. It is made unmistakably plain that as a black man, Tom Robinson will not receive a fair trial. The film accurately depicts locals forming a lynch mob because they feel there is no need to even try Robinson. The film also accurately shows that racial relations were complicated on many levels in southern society. Any sexual reference between a black man and a white woman was considered a very serious offence by many whites and blacks. The set racial boundaries that had been established could not be broken . In the trial scene Atticus determines that Mayella Ewell was attracted to Tom Robinson. This caused an outrage within the courtroom because social norms held that a white woman could never be attracted to a white man. Therefore, even the suggestion that Tom Robinson had relations with Mayella Ewell causes severe prejudice against Tom in the town. . The town was not necessarily afraid of Tom Robinson, but of breaking the social norm that held a white woman could never be attracted to a white man. Therefore, Tom Robinson was guilty as soon as he was accused. An incident of lynching through mob violence was a plausible reality in the 1930s. During the depression there was a resentment of black laborers with financial freedom, such as Tom Robinson. As economic situations worsened in the South, this resentment grew. During the height of the Depression, the number of lynchings grew in direct proportion to the decrease in the economic stability of the South . There are several instances in the 1930s when black men were killed before they were put on trial. For example, in 1931 a man in Birmingham, Alabama accused of rape was an invalid and not able to commit the crime. The accusers brother however, shot the man and was never arrested for murder . The film accurately shows the small town ethics that governed people in the South in the 1930s. The idealized public society must be upheld, at the risk of rejecting the law. If the social order was ever disrupted, men felt they were obligated to use force to preserve the social norms imbedded in soc iety . To Kill a Mockingbird was written at the peak of the Civil Rights Movement. The film was released in the early 1960s. Throughout the 1950s Alabama had had many tumultuous events dealing with race occur within its borders. The Brown v. Board of Education decision began to govern race relations in the South, but often with violent opposition. The Brown decision negated the separate but equal philosophy of Plessy v. Ferguson. This philosophy had been the ruling basis of segregated Southern society since the Civil War. Brown represented the many southerners fear of racial mixing and complete social equality . These fears led to violent reactions. Tom Bradys Black Monday in which he claimed blacks would be a threat to the loveliest and the purest of Gods creaturesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the well-bred, cultured Southern white woman, shows the dominant ideology in the South following the Brown decision. This ideology is directly portrayed negatively in the film, as Tom Robinson is accused of soili ng the purity of white Mayella Ewell. The Brown decision was still an issue when the film was released, and Mulligan is attempting to show the faults of such an ideology. At the same time as Brown v. Board of Education, Dr. Martin Luther King had been leading civil rights demonstrations, and African American students had staged sit-ins at lunch counters all over the South. Just months before Harper Lee began writing the novel, two major events altered the course of the Civil Rights movement. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the bus segregation ordinance, and soon after, the Montgomery bus boycott began. Then two black women, Authenine Lucy and Pollie Ann Myers had their admission rescinded from the University of Alabama when the University found out their race. Authenine Lucy sued the school and won admission. She was the first black woman to enter a southern, public university that previously been only white. However, she was severely persecuted and often mobbed . The story was covered nationally and had great emphasis placed on the importance of desegregation of universities. Lee, herself, had attended the University of Alabama a few y ears before Lucy was admitted. The trial in the film mirrors actual trials that occurred in the 1930s and the 1950s: the 1931 Scottsboro case and the 1955 Emmett Case. The Scottsboro Case became a national event of either outrage or celebration. It brought the issues of lynching laws and racial justice to a very international lever, as other countries followed the story. The Emmett Case was probably the most widely publicized trial of the century and the first great media event of the civil rights movement . The Emmett Case had great significance in the South, because it occurred very soon after the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Some white southerners were looking for excuses to persecute African Americans, and the Emmett Case brought this issue to the forefront of current events. To Kill a Mockingbird makes a blatant statement about the currents events that had recently occurred and were continuing to occur in the country. The character of Atticus Finch is a representation of the beliefs that many white Americans needed to strive for in the South. Many critics have equated Atticus to the Abe Lincoln of Alabama. Atticus believed Tom Robinson, and disbelieved Mayella Ewell, a white woman. This was a bold statement not only in the 1930s Alabama, but also in the 1960s. Social norms always accepted a white womans word as truth, and a black mans word as mistrustful . Mulligan was showing that justice should not be determined by a persons race, but by the actual facts surrounding an event. The audience that first saw this film would have understood the implications presented in the film. The film centers on the trial scene in which Atticus gives a strong lesson of not only justice, but also what constitutes humanity. The focus of the movie is on right and wrong. Mulligan was making a deliberate statement. By placing the events in the 1930s, To Kill a Mockingbird is set in time when the beliefs of men ruled their actions in defiance of the laws they professed they believed. African Americans had very few rights, and the novel and film were purposefully set before desegregation and the civil rights movement. The film seeks to show that the Supreme Court should not be needed to prove that a person of a different race is not better or worse than a person of another race. To Kill a Mockingbird is a fictional story that portrays many realities of racism in Southern life in the 1930s. The film is relating the events of the 1930s to the civil rights movement and current events of the 1950s and 1960s. The history in the film is based on Harper Lees observations growing up in a small town in Alabama, as well as events that had recently occurred within the United States right before the film was being made. The history in To Kill a Mockingbird is therefore not literally but symbolically true The film does not seek to show every historical detail of the 1930s, but shows the implications of social norms and the repercussions of these norms. The events shown in the film are subjective versions of many events of the 1930s through the 1960s that show the need for complete social equality.

The Importance of Masks in William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays William Golding Papers

In Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, we find a group of British boys stranded on a tropical island while the rest of the world is at war. Their plane has been shot down and they find themselves without adults to tell them how to act. As they struggle to survive, they encounter conflicts that mirror the decayed society from which they have come. We see Golding's theme come about as we watch the boys begin to lose their innocence and let their natural evil overwhelm their otherwise civilized manner. While formulating the theme of the story, Golding utilizes much symbolism, one of these symbols being the masks, or painted faces, that the boys wear.   The masks, and painted faces, became a producer of evil circumstances, give a sense of anonymity, and represented the defiance of social structure.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whenever someone is wearing a mask or has a painted face, evil is at large.  Ã‚   The very purpose of a mask is for hiding. The boys use the masks to hide their lust for blood, killing, and death from their consciences. When going to hunt for the first time, "Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness" (Golding page #) because he knew that his manner of hunting was evil and would only lead to lascivious killing. While describing that hunt to the boys, Jack was "twitching" and "shuddering" as he talked.   He knew it was wrong. Eventually all the savages hid behind their masks when their lust for killing climaxes on the manhunt for Ralph. Throughout the story, all hunting, killing, and shedding of blood was done while the boys faces were hidden by masks.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A mask makes one unknown, unrecognized, and mysterious.   When the first mask was put on, Jack "looked no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger" (Golding page #). At the formation of Jack's tribe, all who join wear a mask from that time on and become a part of the savages. As three savages return to steal fire, they are driven because they are "demoniac figures with faces of white and red" (Golding page #) not individual boys. The mask becomes such an anonymous symbol that, towards the end of the story, Ralph "gazed at the green and black mask before him trying to remember what Jack looked like" (Golding page #).   Whether stealing, fighting, or hunting, the savages found their courage because they "looked like something else" "hidden behind the mask of paint" (Golding page #).